IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


[riia  IIIM 
^^  m 

III— 
1.4    111.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


6=    m^.. 


Wn   ■ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliotnaphic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  te  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6td  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Ccuverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul^es 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


V 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


D 


Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 


D 
D 
D 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 
D 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


□ 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  i  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


n 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


SOX 


/ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Thomas  Fisher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grfice  &  la 
g6n6rositd  de: 

Thomas  Fisher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illus'trated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film^s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commengant  par  la 
premidro  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^- (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Philapelphia,  December  14,  1880. 
Hon.  Frederick  Fraley, 

President  National  Board  of  Trade. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  to  you  a  "  Memo- 
randum on  the  Commercial  Relations  of  the  Dominion  of  ^Canada 
to  the  United  States  of  America,"  which  I  would  respectfully  urge 
you  to  have  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  National  Board  of  Trade. 

Yours,  very  respectfully, 

Wharton  Barker. 


Memoranduvi  on  the   Commercial  Relations   of  the   Dominion   of 
Canada  to  the  United  States  of  America. 

It  is  generally  felt  on  both  sides  of  the  border  that  the  time  has 
come  for  a  new  adjustment  of  the  relations  existing  between  the 
United  States  and  its  neighbors  on  the  North.  The  union  of  all 
the  British  colonies  in  North  America  under  one  government,  has 
made  some  general  and  efficient  arrangement  possible,  while  it  has 
brought  more  clearly  into  view  the  fact  that  those  colonies  have 
even  more  business  interests  in  common  with  the  States  which 
lie  nearest  to  each  of  them,  than  they  have  with  each  other.  At 
the  .same  time  the  great  prosperity  of  the  American  republic  has 
awakened  discontent  in  Canada,  by  the  contrast  it  presents  with 
the  slow  and  un.satisfactor3'  development  of  that  country.  This  di.s- 
content  has  already  produced  an  unexpected  change  in  Canada's 
fiscal  policy,  in  the  direction  pursued  by  our  own  Government,  and 
has  opened  the  way  to  .still  greater  change.  It  has  also  caused  a 
very  extensive  immigration  from  the  Dominion  to  the  United 
States.  It  is  believed  that  one-twelfth  of  the  native  population  of 
Canada  have  already  transferred  themselves  across  the  border,  and 
that  a  still  larger  proportion  will  follow  them.  For  years  past  our 
Canadian  immigrants  have  exceeded  in  number  those  from  any 
European  country,  except  Germany.  All  signs  seems  to  show 
that  everything  is  cooperating  to  force  Canada  to  pursue  a  bolder 
policy,  and  that  it  must  be  one  of  closer  association  with  the  rest 
of  the  continent.  '  .  • 


In  America  there  is  a  large  degree  of  interest  in  Canada ; 
larger,  indeed,  than  at  any  time  since  the  repeal  of  the  Reciprocity 
Treaty,  mough  we  never  were  in  less  need  of  Canada  than  now.  But 
we  are  in  no  mood  for  any  selfish  or  churlish  attitude  towards  the 
free  people  on  our  Northern  frontier,  a  people  kindred  to  our 
own,  not  only  in  race  and  speech,  but  in  religious  faith  and  in  the 
traditions  of  free  government. 

Unhappily,  the  especial  representatives  of  this  interest  are  di- 
vided in  opinion  among  themselves.  One  party  favors  Recipro- 
city, an  arrangement  whose  value  has  been  already  tested  and 
found  insufficient.  The  first  step  to  Reciprocity  must  be  long 
and  vexatious  negotiations,  in  whicli  each  party  will  suspect 
the  other  of  overreaching.  It  would  be  carried,  if  at  all,  by 
the  vote  ot  ore  party  only  in  our  own  country;  and  the  return 
of  the  other  to  power  would  be  accompanied  b\-  notice  of  its  ter- 
mination.It  would  furnish  us  with  matter  of  disputes  and  recrim- 
inations, extending  over  every  year  of  its  continuance.  It  would 
effect  nothing  towards  the  reduction  of  the  expen.ses  of  either  Gov- 
ernment, for  it  would  leave  us  the  long  and  impracticable  Custom- 
iiou.se  frontier,  with  every  temptation  and  facility  for  smuggling. 
And  it  would  leave  the  Fi.sheries  Question  open  for  constant  dis- 
putes  and    peri(xlical  readjustments,  as  at  present. 

Apart  from  these  more  general  considerations,  there  is  no  reason 
to  expect  from  Canada  a  Reciprocity  Treaty  such  as  would  be  ac- 
ceptable to  the  American  people.  The  propo.sals  laid  before  our 
Government  some  years  ago  by  the  late  Hon.  George  Brown,  pro- 
vided for  the  free  admission  into  Canada  only  of  a  few  of  the 
rougher  manufactures,  such  as  might  be  expected  to  flourish  even 
in  an  agricultural  country,  and  under  a  Free  Trade  policy.  In 
return  for  this  trifling  concession,  we  were  asked  to  throw  open  to 
Canadian  farmers  the  markets,  for  their  products,  which  have  been 
created  in  the  Atlantic  States  by  our  own  industrial  policy,  and 
which  are  the  chief  dependence  of  our  Western  farmers.  F'or  the 
Eastern  States  consume  four-fifths  of  the  grain  and  other  provi- 
sions which  come  Eastward  across  the  AUeghanies. 

The  alternative  propo.sal  is  one  which  is  already  supported  among 
our  neighbors  by  a  large  body  of  public  opinion,  especially  in  the 
province  of  Quebec;  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  would 
be  accepted  by  a  still  larger  portion  of  the  Canadian  people,  if  it 


tmimi 


i 


should  receive  the  sanction  of  this  National  Board  of  Trade.  It  is 
that  Canada  be  taken  into  our  councils  in  the  revision  of  our  tariff 
soon  to  be  effected,  and  that  a  tariff  for  tlie  whole  continent  be  de- 
vised and  adopted  by  both  countries.  We  could  then  dispense 
with  the  long  and  expensive  Customs  Line,  which  now  separates  the 
two  countries  with  no  advantage  to  either.  As  in  the  case  of  the 
German  Zollverein,  the  total  customs  receipts  could  be  divided 
proportionally  to  population,  or  upon  some  other  equitable  basis. 

The  objections  which  may  be  urged  to  this  arrangement,  are  none 
of  them  insurmountable.  One  is  that  the  competence  of  Canada  to 
make  such  an  arrangement  is  questioned.  To  this  it  is  sufficient 
to  say  that  all  the  recent  utterances  of  the  British  Government  in 
this  matter  show  a  readiness  to  concede  to  Canada  full  freedom  of 
action,  and  that  so  competent  an  authority  as  Sir  Alexander  Gait, 
declares  that  Canada  is  free  to  conduct  her  own  negotiations  with 
any  foreign  power. 

Another  is  the  fear  of  some  classes  of  Canadians  that  the  arrange- 
ment may  tend  to  the  political  absorption  of  their  country  by  the 
United  States.  It  is  true  that  in  the  case  of  Germany  such 
freedom  of  intercourse  has  contributed  to  political  consolidation. 
But  in  that  ca.se  tlie  determination  of  the  people  to  be  one  was 
a  powerful  sentiment  before  the  arrangement  was  effected,  and  the 
political  significance  of  tlie  Zollverein  was  due  to  the  fact  that  it 
furnished  the  readiest  channel  for  the  public  expre.ssion  of  a  national 
feeling  which  reigned  in  so  many  German  breasts.  On  the  other 
hand,  modern  history  abounds  with  proofs  that  no  commercial  in-, 
tercourse  can  weaken  the  national  purpose  or  destroy  the  national 
character  of  an  independent  people. 

It  is  furthtr  objected  that  the  arrangement  would  take  our  tariff 
from  our  own  control.  But  the  worst  fault  in  our  fiscal  system  is 
the  liability  of  our  tariff  to  sudden  and  needless  changes,  and  the. 
creation  of  a  new  check  upon  such  changes  would  be  rather  benefi- 
cial than  otherwise.  Nor  is  there  any  propo.sal  to  stereotype  our 
existing  Tariff,  in  all  its  particulars.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  tne  very  . 
first  step  to  a  Customs  Union  with  Canada,  that  we  effect  such  a 
revision  as  the  representatives  of  our  own  industries  are  asking, 
and  which,  if  carried  out  in  conjunction  with  Canada,  would  give 
to  both  countries  a  tariff  which  no  considerable  body  of  our 
people  will  wish  to  change  for  many  years. 


'fi 


In  fine,  the  road  to  a  wise  and  lasting  adjustment  ol  our  com- 
mercial relations,  is  in  the  union  of  the  people  of  the  whole  conti- 
nent in  the  work  of  building  up  free,  happy,  and  industrious  com- 
munities in  the  new  world. 


'■¥■ ' 


W' 


I 
I 

'■'if' 


